--- title: Software and hardware freedom status for each mainboard supported by Libreboot x-toc-enable: true ... Introduction ============ This page documents how Libreboot's [binary blob reduction policy](news/policy.md), adopted in November 2022, is implemented in practise, especially that line which says: *"if free software can be used, it must be used."* Libreboot uses [coreboot](https://coreboot.org/) for hardware initialisation. While coreboot is nominally [*free* or *open source* software](https://writefreesoftware.org/), on *some* (not all) platforms, coreboot *requires* certain [vendor files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_blob) for things like raminit. *All* boards currently supported by Libreboot can be initialised entirely with *free*, *libre* or *open source* code from *coreboot* itself, because Libreboot currently only focuses on such mainboards. Libreboot's goal is to eventually support *all* mainboards from coreboot. A more *pragmatic* [binary blob reduction policy](news/policy.md) was adopted by Libreboot during November 2022, as part of an ongoing campaign to support more hardware (from coreboot) within Libreboot, so as to provide *many more* people with coreboot which, regardless of freedom status, *does* provide increased [software freedom](https://writefreesoftware.org/) compared to fully proprietary boot firmware which is what most people would otherwise use; Libreboot's modern policy is thus pragmatic, further advancing the cause of *software freedom*. Libreboot's *previous* policy was to *ban all binary blobs*. This actively *harmed* the Free Software movement, by reducing the number of people who can realistically use coreboot because, to this day, nothing quite like Libreboot yet exists. Libreboot's main purpose is to make coreboot *as easy to use as possible* for normal, non-technical users who like the idea of coreboot but who are otherwise not competent to configure it from scratch. Such harm was *corrected*, in November 2022. Coreboot architecture --------------------- For context about certain topics, please read: 100% libre init in coreboot =========================== The reason this distinction matters (referring specifically to coreboot's side of the initialisation) will become clearer, in the following sections: A universal exemption is made in Libreboot, permitting (read: requiring, per project policy) the inclusion of CPU microcode updates if available. You can read more about that and the reasons *why* by reading the following article: [CPU microcode updates are **OK**](news/policy.md#more-detailed-insight-about-microcode) [Releases after Libreboot 20230423 will provide separate ROMs with microcode excluded, alongside default ones with microcode included.](news/microcode.md) Intel platforms =============== Descriptor vs descriptorless setup ---------------------------------- Libreboot supports several mainboards using Intel platforms. Of these, there are essentially two class of machine (for the purposes of this article): * Descriptorless configuration * Descriptor-based configuration What does *descriptor* mean? Well, traditionally, the main flash IC (containing the boot firmware, commonly referred to as *the BIOS*) on Intel machines, contained only *x86* executable code, responsible for initialising all of the hardware, such as the CPU, memory controller and peripherals. This is what we will refer to as the *descriptorless* setup; in such configurations, the Intel ME firmware is absent by default. In a *descriptor* configuration, the flash is divided into regions such as: * Intel flash descriptor: always the first 4KiB of the flash. Binary-encoded configuration data for the machine, and the regions (such as this, or others below) is defined in here. In some ways, you might think of this as analagous to the *Master Boot Record* on a hard drive. * Intel GbE NVM (gigabit ethernet non-volatile memory): binary-encoded configuration data, for the onboard Intel gigabit ethernet device, if one is present. It contains lots of settings like MAC address, what speed the NIC should run at, PCI IDs, *LED blinking speed* and more. If a non-Intel NIC is used, this region of the flash will not be present. * ME (Intel Management Engine): a *nasty* security liability in its default state, the ME provides many features such as remote management, with full networking, The ME is a dedicated coprocessor separate from the main CPU, and the initialisation firmware plus operating system for it is loaded from this dedicated region in the main boot flash. More info is available [in the FAQ](faq.md#intelme) - where ME firmware is otherwise present, Libreboot either [removes](docs/install/ich9utils.html) it or (with the `me_cleaner` program) [reconfigures](https://github.com/corna/me_cleaner/wiki/How-does-it-work%3F) it in such a way where it is disabled during machine initialisation. * Platform region: non-program data, usually just a bunch of strings put there by the hardware vendor. * BIOS region: this contains the main boot firmware, responsible for initialising the CPU, memory controller and peripherals, putting the machine into a state where it can run programs (most likely a bootloader, then an operating system). The coreboot code (provided by Libreboot) goes in here. *Basically*, you can think of such "regions" as analogous to *partitions* on a hard drive. What's important is that the flash IC is *divided* into such regions, where each region is intended for a specific purpose. The contents of the *descriptor* and *GbE* regions are described by Intel datasheets, but those datasheets often contain *reserved* sections where parts are left undocumented. Reverse engineering efforts over the years have documented some of these blank spots. Libreboot does *not* distribute Intel ME images ----------------------------------------------- Libreboot does *not* distribute the Intel ME firmware in any way, whether in the Git repository or in releases. Where it is needed, Libreboot provides scripts that automatically fetch and install it, in a *neutered* (disabled) state by running the `me_cleaner` program. This is completely automated. Please read: The *BringUp* code of Intel ME is all that remains, in Libreboot configurations. ME BringUp (BUP) is analogous to coreboot, providing initialisation for the ME itself; by that same analogy, the way Libreboot configures it is similar to running *coreboot* without a payload. The ME is initialised, to a state where it can run code, but then it *doesn't actually run code*. It is thus *disabled*. In other words, a *neutered* Intel ME setup is completely benign, both from a software freedom and security perspective. It becomes a useless, unused processor, that most people in the real world will never want to use anyway. With this perspective, we see that Intel ME is now entirely inconsequential to the average user. *Released* Libreboot ROM images, provided pre-compiled, do *not* include the ME firmware at all; they are scrubbed, by automated release scripts when they're preparing a release. If you're building from source, the Libreboot build system will automatically download it (from the vendor), neuter it and then insert it; on release ROMs, the same scripts used by the build systems can (must) be run manually, accomplishing the same result after the fact. Please read: [docs/install/ivy_has_common.md](docs/install/ivy_has_common.md) The ME firmware is *required* on almost all Intel platforms, or the machine will turn *off* after 30 minutes (or it will not boot, if the ME also controls whether the CPU comes out of reset). More about Intel ME removal/disabling ---------------------------------- *Libreboot* provides a way to fully remove the ME firmware, while retaining full use of the machine, on GM45 platforms with ICH9M southbridge. These are laptops: ThinkPad X200/T400/T500/W500 and so on of that generation. See: [docs/install/ich9utils.md](docs/install/ich9utils.md) The `ich9utils` software is provided by Libreboot. The `ich9gen` utility was specifically written by Leah Rowe, in 2014 and improved incrementally since. On newer platforms as alluded to above, `me_cleaner` is used instead. Notes about specific types of vendor file =================================== VGA option ROMs --------------- *Native* video initialisation is supported and *enabled*, for all supported Intel platforms that have it. The source code is provided by coreboot, under free license. In some cases, a laptop may have a graphics chip that is unsupported by coreboot. In this situation, a vendor file called a *VGA Option ROM* must be used. Libreboot has *experimental* support for Nvidia GPU models of the Dell Latitude E6400, in an experimental branch where the build system automatically downloads the VGA ROM for it. This is currently *not* present in releases, or in the stable branch of `lbmk`. In other instances, a machine may have *two* graphics devices, where one has native (free/libre) initialisation provided by coreboot. In these situations, it is possible to insert a VGA ROM for the other one; Libreboot currently lacks documentation for this, but it has been tested. Example: Dual Intel/Nvidia graphics on some ivybridge or haswell thinkpads. For *add-on* GPUs, SeaBIOS (payload) can typically scan a VGA ROM present on the card and execute it. This has been tested on certain desktop mainboards that Libreboot supports, and works just fine; Libreboot does not need to handle these files at all. Libreboot's default is *always* freedom, when feasible in practise. Users who wish to have use of these additional GPUs, on such hardware, must take stock of the following paragraph in Libreboot policy: *"The principles above should apply to default configurations. However, libreboot is to be configurable, allowing the user to do whatever they like."* - configurable, it most certainly is! See: [docs/maintain/](docs/maintain/) Memory controller initialisation -------------------------------- Libreboot has *fully libre* initialisation available for all Intel memory controllers on supported platforms. This *includes* Haswell (ThinkPad T440p and W541) as of Libreboot 20230319 or higher. ARM platforms (chromebooks) ============= Mostly free software, except for the requirement on `daisy` and `peach` mainboards to include BL1 bootloader files from the vendor. These are: * HP Chromebook 11 G1 (daisy-spring) **(board removed from Libreboot, due to issues (will be re-added at a later date)** * Samsung Chromebook XE303 (daisy-snow) **(ditto)** * Samsung Chromebook 2 13” (peach-pi) **(ditto)** * Samsung Chromebook 2 11” (peach-pit) **(ditto)** * nyan-* chromebooks also temporarily removed, but are 100% free software in Libreboot List of vendor files, specifically for each board ================================================= This article has thoroughly explained, in a detailed overview, the precise nature as to *what* vendor files are accomodated for in Libreboot. Again, fully libre init from coreboot is available *on all currently supported boards*. *From coreboot* is the critical aspect of this, but Libreboot's full scope is the main flash IC which (in some cases) contains software outside of coreboot. Here is a list, *for each* board, of those files: Intel/x86 --------- ### Intel ME: Neutered ME required on these targets: `t420_8mb`, `t420s_8mb`, `t430_12mb`, `t440p_12mb`, `t440pmrc_12mb`, `t520_8mb`, `t530_12mb`, `w530_12mb`, `w541_12mb`, `w541mrc_12mb`, `x220_8mb`, `x230_12mb`, `x230_16mb`, `x230edp_12mb`, `x230t_12mb`, `x230t_16mb`, `hp8200sff`, `hp2560p_8mb`, `hp2570p_16mb`, `hp8300usdt_16mb`, `hp2170p_16mb`, `hp9470m_16mb`, `hp820g2_12mb` and `t1650_12mb`. As stated, Libreboot provides this in a state where the ME is no longer a threat to security. It initialises itself, but then does nothing, so it's disabled. This is done using `me_cleaner`. See: ### KBC1126 EC firmware (HP laptops): This applies to the following targets: `hp2170p_16mb`, `hp2560p_8mb`, `hp2570p_16mb`, `hp8470pintel_16mb`, `hp9470m_16mb`. [EC firmware](faq.md#ec-embedded-controller-firmware) is inserted into main boot flash, rather than being on a separate IC. This is *better* because libre replacements would be more easy to install in the future, and reverse engineering is made much easier by it. Libreboot's build system handles such firmware in a script, automatically downloading it during the build process. Libreboot 20230423 onwards does scrub EC firmware and provide functionality in a special script, to insert them with `cbfstool` at the correct offset as defined by coreboot config for each board. ### SMSC SCH5545 Environmental Control This is a tiny firmware required for fan control, on Dell Precision T1650. ### CPU microcode: [*Microcode* updates](faq.md#microcode) for CPU provided on *all* x86 platforms, by default. Not technically required, but highly recommended. To remove, do: cbfstool filename.rom remove -n cpu_microcode_blob.bin On ASUS KFSN4-DRE, KCMA-D8 and KGPE-D16 boards, do this instead: cbfstool filename.rom remove -n microcode_amd.bin cbfstool filename.rom remove -n microcode_amd_fam15h.bin [Releases after Libreboot 20230423 will provide separate ROMs with microcode excluded, alongside default ones with microcode included.](news/microcode.md) Removal of microcode updates will affect system stability in a negative way, introducing non-standard broken behaviour and it may result in the machine being unable to boot properly. In other cases, doing so may break features such as S3 suspend/resume. CPU microcode files included by default, on all x86 boards. While not needed in most cases, their use is highly recommended. For reasons why, see: [news/policy.md#more-detailed-insight-about-microcode](news/policy.md#more-detailed-insight-about-microcode) ### Intel Flash Descriptor (IFD): Intel Flash Descriptors are provided as blobs on some boards, but these are not *software* blobs. They are configurations provided in a binary format, fully readable by libre software. For example: * Libreboot's `ich9gen` program generates ICH9M flash descriptors from scratch. * Coreboot's `ifdtool` program has extensive features for manipulating Intel flash descriptors. * Corebot's `bincfg` program generates any sort of binary from a `.spec` file which can describe any binary format in a human readable format. It contains several flash descriptors for several platforms, but Libreboot does not use these. Intel GbE NVM config (configuration data, binary-encoded, for gigabit NIC): * Libreboot's `ich9gen` program *also* generates GbE NVM images specifically for Intel NICs used in GM45 thinkpads. * Libreboot's `nvmutil` program can manipulate GbE NVM images ARM/chromebooks --------------- ### BL1 bootloader (peach/daisy): BL1 bootloader needed on: `daisy_snow`, `daisy_spring` and `peach_pit`. These boards are *currently* not present. They were removed from Libreboot, because the build system does not yet auto-insert the BL1 files. The boards are otherwise believed to work, using Alper's port of U-Boot in Libreboot. Conclusion ========== From the above, you can see that Libreboot really *does* implement a *binary blobs reduction policy*, with the emphasis on *reduction* being most critical. It can be asserted that Libreboot does in fact provide a reasonable level of *software freedom*, on all boards. Libreboot *could* add a lot more such files for many platforms, to enable various extra features, that it instead avoids adding, precisely because the *purpose* of the Libreboot project is to promote *libre* software and *minimise* the power that proprietary software developers have over users. I hope this article provided food for thought. An aside: hardware freedom -------------------------- None of the currently supported Libreboot machines have libre *hardware*, in the sense that ICs do not come with publicly available *verilog* files and the like. You could not manufacture your own replacements of these machines. Some schematics and boardview files describing the circuit boards of each machine are available online, through various channels. You have to search for them yourself; one day, the Right To Repair movement will hopefully bring about universal access to such documents by the public. Further reading =============== This article has described code what goes in the *main boot flash*, but any computer you buy will have *tons* of firmware elsewhere in the system. Some insights are available in the Libreboot FAQ. See: * [faq.md#what-level-of-software-freedom-does-libreboot-give-me](faq.md#what-level-of-software-freedom-does-libreboot-give-me) * [faq.md#what-other-firmware-exists-outside-of-libreboot](faq.md#what-other-firmware-exists-outside-of-libreboot) Of these, the most critical are HDD/SSD firmware and EC firmware. The problems described in those two links apply to many different computers, including Libreboot ones, and virtually every other computer in the world.